HAPLOGROUPS: <<
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R1b Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing what is called the “Atlantic modal haplotype”.
The R1b group is defined by a set of mutations that go back tens of thousands of years, some early and some late. The following table shows the steps, each one involving a UEP mutation, that led from earliest humans to the origin of the R1b group in time and location:
|
Haplogroup with The defining Y Biallelic SNP Marker (in parentheses) |
Years Before Present |
Migration Route |
|
[no name](M94) |
? |
In Africa |
|
[no name](M168) |
50,000 |
Africa->Middle East |
|
F(M89) |
45,000 |
Middle East->South West Asia |
|
K(M9) |
40,000 |
South West Asia->North Central Asia |
|
P(M45) |
35,000 |
North Central Asia->North West Asia |
|
R(M207) |
? |
In North West Asia |
|
1(M173) |
30,000 |
North West Asia->Europe |
|
B(P25) |
13,000? |
In Europe, probably the Ice Age Enclave in Spain |
R1a The
R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the
Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a
population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse
(approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first
speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found
in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern
Europe, and rarely in Western Europe.
*
I The I, I1, I1a, and I1b lineages are common in northwestern Europe, but the I haplogroup is
also common on Sardinia (45% of males, mostly I1b2 subgroup) and Croatia
(one-third of males are I1b). The I1a would most likely have been common within
Viking populations. One lineage of the
I group extends down into central Europe.
About 10-15% of Northwestern Europeans are in the I haplogroup. The following table shows the steps, each
one involving a UEP mutation, that led from earliest humans to the origin of
the I1b group in time and location:
|
Haplogroup with The defining Y Biallelic SNP Marker (in parentheses) |
Years Before Present |
Migration Route |
|
[no name](M94) |
? |
In Africa |
|
[no name](M168) |
50,000 |
Africa->Middle East |
|
F(M89) |
45,000 |
Middle East->South West Asia |
|
I(M170) |
? |
? |
|
1(P38) |
? |
? |
|
b(P37b) |
? |
? |
E3b Haplogroup:
The E3b haplogroup has a frequency ranging from 1 to 5% at various locations in Britain, with lower frequencies in Ireland. The haplogroup is much more common in the Middle East and North Africa.
|
Haplogroup with The defining Y Biallelic SNP Marker (in parentheses) |
Years Before Present |
Migration Route |
|
[no name](M94) |
? |
In Africa |
|
[no name](M168) |
50,000 |
Africa->Middle East |
|
[no name](M145) |
? |
? |
|
E(M96) |
? |
? |
|
3(P2) |
? |
? |
|
B(M35) |
? |
? |
G Haplogroup:
The G haplogroup occurs at a frequency of about 1-3% at various locations in Britain, and increases in frequency towards the southeastern part of Europe. The ancestors of most males in the G haplogroup migrated to Europe from the Middle East with the spread of agriculture 6-8000 years ago. There is a map on the 4th page of the paper by King and Underhill that shows the distribution of haplogroups (including G) that were associated with the spread of agriculture:
|
Haplogroup with The defining Y Biallelic SNP Marker (in parentheses) |
Years Before Present |
Migration Route |
|
[no name](M94) |
? |
In Africa |
|
[no name](M168) |
50,000 |
Africa->Middle East |
|
F(M89) |
45,000 |
Middle East->South West Asia |
|
G(M201) |
? |
Middle East |
J Haplogroup
The J haplogroup is
common in the Middle East. Many Jews
are in the J haplogroup, but so are many Arabs, Kurds, Turks, etc. The group originated in the Middle East or Ethiopia
long before there were any people who identified themselves as Jews or
Arabs. The people who became the Jews
have a large J haplogroup frequency simply because this is the genetic
background of all of the Middle Eastern peoples. With the Neolithic expansion of farming from the Fertile Cresent
region into Europe, there were naturally many migrants who were of the J
haplogroup and they spread it all over Europe.
It occurs in most locations at frequencies ranging from 1 – 5% in the
northwest to 5-15% in the southeast. A
small fraction of the J haplotypes in Northwestern Europe were spread in
historical times by the Jewish diaspora.